Heliophysical studies are mainly developed in Warsaw, Wroclaw, Torun, and Cracow. In particular, during nearly thirty years the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (in Warsaw, with Solar Physics Division in Wroclaw) in broad and international cooperation carries out pure and applied studies in space physics, in particular in

• solar physics,
• heliosphere and its interaction with the interstellar medium,
• physical research of planets and environment,
• comets and small planetary bodies,
• magnetosphere and ionosphere of the Earth and planets,
  • Heliogeophysical Predictions Service.

PhD studies in various heliophysical topics are carried out in the Centre. The Centre has incorporated into the NASA projects, the cornerstone ESA missions, e.g., Cassini-Huygens, Mars Express, Rosetta, Venus Express, and Cluster projects, as well as has participated in many European Union Framework grants and programmes. One should also note research in solar physics and space physics, including physics of sunspots and hydrodynamic simulations, at Astronomical Observatory of the Warsaw University, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre (Warsaw, Torun), and Astronomical Institute of the Wroclaw University. Investigations at Astronomical Observatory of the Jagiellonian University in Cracow and at the Centre for Astronomy of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun concentrate on solar radio observations and radiation in plasmas in the Solar System. Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences also coordinates IHY activities of the Polish COST 296 community.